Soldiers from both sides were forced to listen to the painful cries of the wounded for hours, with neither side daring to venture out for fear of being shot by the enemy. In some cases, Confederate men were motivated to join the army in response to the United States' actions regarding its opposition to slavery. See answer (1) Best Answer. most of the battlefields were located in Confederate states. Confederate soldiers were called rebels because, at the time, the American Civil War was known as the "War of the Rebellion." Since the Confederates were fighting against their own country in this rebellion, they were called "rebels." For more information about soldiers in the war, check out the following article on Civil War soldiers. The lack of central authority and the ineffective railroads, combined with the frequent unwillingness or inability of Southern state governments to provide adequate funding, were key factors in the Confederate army's demise. The main Confederate armies, the Army of Northern Virginia under General Robert E. Lee and the remnants of the Army of Tennessee and various other units under General Joseph E. Johnston, surrendered to the U.S. on April 9, 1865 (officially April 12), and April 18, 1865 (officially April 26). Why SJF Cannot be implemented practically? He received a moderate education during his youth, as was typical during that era. These seven states also known as the Confederate States of America laid the foundation of the Confederacy during 4 to 9 February 1861 at a meeting held in Montgomery , Alabama. Richard Rowland Kirkland (August 1843 September 20, 1863), known as "The Angel of Marye's Heights", was a Confederate soldier during the American Civil War, noted by both sides for his bravery and the story of his humanitarian actions during the Battle of Fredericksburg. The southern states called this new union they had created the "Confederacy," or more formally "the Confederate States of America" (a.k.a. "Doughboy" A World War I Soldier. In this capacity he negotiated several treaties, one such treaty was the Treaty with Choctaws and Chickasaws conducted in July 1861. One instance occurred in late 1862 with Lee's invasion of Maryland, coincident with two other actions: Bragg's invasion of Kentucky and Earl Van Dorn's advance against Corinth, Mississippi. Monument depicting Kirkland giving water to wounded Union troops at . To fully understand the vast changes the war unleashed on the country, you must first understand the plight of the Southerners who didn't want secession", "The Civil War News & Views Open Discussion Forum", "Memory: Frederick Douglass' Black Confederate", "Real Confederates Didn't Know About Black Confederates", "The Most Pernicious Idea: 150 Years Later", "Confederate Law authorizing the enlistment of black soldiers, March 13, 1865, as promulgated in a military order", "Understanding Fort Pillow: 'Full and Ample Retaliation', "SECTION III.DesertersPrisoners of warHostagesBooty on the battle-field", INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF ARMIES OF THE UNITED STATES IN THE FIELD, "West Points of the Confederacy: Southern Military Schools and the Confederate Army". A few corps commanders were never confirmed as lieutenant generals and exercised corps command for varying periods as major generals. In reality, as disease, desertions and casualties took their toll, and the common practice of sending replacements to form new regiments took hold, most regiments were greatly reduced in strength. For Free. Confederate - a supporter of the Confederate States of After a successful battle, it was not unusual for victorious Confederate troops to procure U.S. Army uniform parts from captured supplies and dead U.S. soldiers; this would occasionally cause confusion in later battles and skirmishes.[78]. Former Confederate secretary of state Robert Toombs said "In my opinion, the worst calamity that could befall us would be to gain our independence by the valor of our slaves instead of our own " and complained using black troops would be "a surrender of the entire slavery question. Continuing, McPherson also stated that of the hundreds of Confederate soldiers' letters he had examined, none of them contained any anti-slavery sentiment whatsoever: Although only 20 percent of the soldiers avowed explicit proslavery purposes in their letters and diaries, none at all dissented from that view. The South's leading men of the planter class, had built their world upon slavery and the idea of voluntarily destroying that world, even in the ultimate crisis, was almost unthinkable to them. [10] Lincoln was determined to hold the forts remaining under U.S. control when he took office, especially Fort Sumter in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. He concludes that most of the desertions came because the soldier felt he owed a higher duty to his own family than to the Confederacy. 116162. Men employed in certain occupations considered to be most valuable for the home front (such as railroad and river workers, civil officials, telegraph operators, miners, druggists and teachers) were exempt from the draft. Lieutenant colonels were second in command. Displays at the site share the history of the battle, including the massacre on Black troops. The majority of Confederate soldiers were under 30 years of age. The Union soldiers normally just referred to them rebels. Estimates range from 500,000 to 2,000,000 soldiers who were involved at any time during the war. The Confederate States Army, also called the Confederate Army or the Southern Army, was the military land force of the Confederate States of America (commonly referred to as the Confederacy) during the American Civil War (18611865), fighting against the United States forces to win the independence of the Southern states and uphold the institution of slavery. As early as November 1864, some Confederates knew that the chance of securing victory against the U.S. was slim. The Northern soldiers nicknames were the Yankees or Yanks. Find Confederate Soldiers stock photos and editorial news pictures from Getty Images. The uniform of the Confederate soldiers was the color of Outside Savannah, Georgia $30,000,000 worth of Confederate gold, stamped "Confederate States of America Treasury" is said to have been buried under the name of a Confederate general between two false generals in a cemetery. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Help with grammar, French, SAT Writing, the TOEFL and ESL. (Robert E. Lee was a notable exception to this. It is not in the nature of these men to remain quiet in the ranks under such circumstances. The city was soon filled with some 1,000 government members, 7,000 civil servants, and scores of rowdy Confederate soldiers itching for battle. In 1864, the Confederates burned down Chambersburg, a Pennsylvania city they had raided twice in the years before, due to its failure to pay an extortion demand. In an open-air industrial area in Richmond, Virginia, lie the remains of Confederate statues. greyback, Johnny, Johnny Reb, Reb, Rebel - `Johnny' was applied At some point during the day, Kirkland allegedly approached Confederate Brig. of the American Civil War-. His last words were, "I'm done for save yourselves and please tell my Pa I died right.". Corporal of the Artillery division of the Confederate Army, Confederate mortar crew at Warrington, Florida in 1861, across from Fort Pickens, Confederate artillery at Charleston Harbor, 1863, Lt Col. E. V. Nash, 4th Georgia Infantry Doles-Cook Brigade, who was killed in 1864. Copy. [32], The southern churches met the shortage of Army chaplains by sending missionaries. Davis was a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy, and colonel of a volunteer regiment during the MexicanAmerican War. Civil War By The Numbers. 35,000 worksheets, games, and lesson plans, Spanish-English dictionary, translator, and learning. web pages [81][83] During the Civil War, 28,693 Native Americans served in the U.S. and Confederate armies, participating in battles such as Pea Ridge, Second Manassas, Antietam, Spotsylvania, Cold Harbor, and in Federal assaults on Petersburg. The following men had varying degrees of control: The lack of centralized control was a strategic weakness for the Confederacy, and there are only a few examples of its armies acting in concert across multiple theaters to achieve a common objective. History was manipulated so these statues could remind the black people of their horrific brutal past and to keep them segregated from the white folk, while offending them. Eicher, p. 807. The order was issued March 23, but as it was late in the war, only a few African American companies were raised in the Richmond area before the town was captured by the U.S. Army and placed back under U.S. Item Code: 2022-2311. Parker stated that had he been given an opportunity, he would have turned against his Confederate captors, and "could do it with pleasure". BOYCOTT. [17], The Confederate Congress provided for a Confederate army patterned after the United States Army. Choose an expert and meet online. General Sherman's total warfare reduced the ability of the South to produce food and ship it to the armies or its cities. [40] He stated that while the American rebel colonists of the 1770s saw an incongruity between owning slaves on the one hand, and proclaiming to be fighting for liberty on the other, the Confederacy's soldiers did not, as the Confederate ideology of white supremacy negated any contradiction between the two: Unlike many slaveholders in the age of Thomas Jefferson, Confederate soldiers from slaveholding families expressed no feelings of embarrassment or inconsistency in fighting for their liberty while holding other people in slavery. reb. The Confederacy refused. What was of the nickname of the Union Army? Your email address will not be published. Emancipation was a salient issue for Union soldiers because it was controversial. The army did not have a formal overall military commander, or general in chief, until late in the war. On March 1, 1861, on behalf of the Confederate government, Davis assumed control of the military situation at Charleston, South Carolina, where South Carolina state militia besieged Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor, held by a small U.S. Army garrison. They promised to give us our freedom and money besides, but none of us believed them; we only fought because we had to." Ironically, the proportion of Union soldiers who wrote about the slavery question was greater, as the next chapter will show. Some states (such as North Carolina) were able to better supply their soldiers, while other states (such as Texas) were unable for various reasons to adequately supply their troops as the war continued. [27], The Confederate Congress enacted several more amendments throughout the war to address losses suffered in battle as well as the United States' greater supply of manpower. The Ultimate Historical Allusions 54%. Some of the more important armies and their commanders were: Some other prominent Confederate generals who led significant units operating sometimes independently in the CSA included Thomas J. Ninety-one percent of Confederate soldiers were native-born white men and only nine percent were foreign-born white men, Irishmen being the largest group with others including Germans, French, Mexicans, and British. In the actual armed conflicts of the Civil War, the two sides had numerous nicknames for themselves and each other as a group and individuals, e.g., for Union troops "Federals" and for the Confederates "rebels," "rebs" or "Johnny reb" for an individual Confederate soldier. Other Confederate forces surrendered between April 16, 1865, and June 28, 1865. 2022 Sandbox Networks Inc. All rights reserved. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. What is the difference between HSI and Hscei? [3] On February 28, 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress established a provisional volunteer army and gave control over military operations and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the newly chosen Confederate president, Jefferson Davis. [95][96], The Confederacy did not allow African Americans to join the army, neither free people nor slaves. The kepi was rarely used, the common slouch hat being preferred for its practicality in the Southern climate. Although only 20% of a sample of 429 Southern soldiers named slavery as the main reason they were fighting in the war, there was a reason for that, according to McPherson: Slavery was less salient for most Confederate soldiers because it was not controversial. Although only 20 percent of the soldiers avowed explicit proslavery purposes in their letters and diaries, none at all dissented from that view.. Barring the same type of circumstances that might leave a lower grade officer in temporary command, divisions were commanded by major generals and corps were commanded by lieutenant generals. So anestimated 20,000 to . He was the fifth son of Mary and John Kirkland. troops under the command of General P. G. T. Beauregard bombarded Fort Sumter on April 1213, 1861 and forced its capitulation on April 14. Copyright 2023 MassInitiative | All rights reserved. [20] The War Department asked for 8,000 volunteers on March 9, 20,000 on April 8, and 49,000 on and after April 16. [49], Confederate policies regarding desertion generally were severe. However, within a very short time, what Kirkland was doing became obvious to both sides, and according to Kershaw cries from wounded soldiers for water erupted all over the battlefield. [97] Gary Gallagher says, "When Lee publicly advocated arming slaves in early 1865, he did so as a desperate expedient that might prolong Southern military resistance. "[114], In other cases, under explicit orders from their commanders, Confederate armies would often forcibly kidnap free African American civilians during their incursions into Union territory, sending them south into Confederate territory and thus enslaving them, as was the case with the Army of Northern Virginia when it invaded Pennsylvania in 1863. On the night of December 13, walking wounded made their way to the field hospital while those who were disabled were forced to remain on the battlefield. It was to consist of a large provisional force to exist only in time of war and a small permanent regular army. By Sam Smith February 10, 2015 Updated February 23, 2022. The Confederate bombardment of Fort Sumter signed the outbreak What was the nickname for Confederate soldiers. There is a ready explanation for this apparent paradox. [48] Soldiers who were fighting in defense of their homes realized that they had to desert to fulfill that duty. Realizing they had advanced too far forward of their own unit, they attempted to return and Kirkland was shot. 2 What was the Souths nickname in the Civil War? Edit Search New Search. Johnny Reb is the national personification of the common soldier of the Confederacy. Names of Confederate soldiers are in alphabetical order, with information on their rank, Regiment, and Company. On March 8 the Confederate Congress passed a law that authorized Davis to issue proclamations to call up no more than 100,000 men. Kirkland gathered all the canteens he could carry, filled them with water, then ventured out onto the battlefield. The age range of the Confederate Armys First Conscription Act in 1862 was 18 to 35 but the Third Conscription Act in 1864 changed it to 17 to 50. Search the history of over 797 billion No packages or subscriptions, pay only for the time you need. Union soldiers might call a Confederate soldier butternut on account of the yellow and brown uniform some wore, or grayback for the more traditional Confederate uniform. For further information address me at Mobile, Ala. (Signed) S. G. Spann, Comm'ing Choctaw Forces. Official Records, Series IV, Vol. Lee's campaign against Gettysburg and southern Pennsylvania (a rich agricultural region) was driven in part by his desperate need of supplies, especially food.[80]. [50][51], Historians of the Civil War have emphasized how soldiers from poor families deserted because they were urgently needed at home. Historian Mark Weitz argues that the official count of 103,400 deserters is too low. Branch colors were used for the color of chevronsblue for infantry, yellow for cavalry, and red for artillery. At first, it was thought that the Union would open fire, which would result in the Confederacy returning fire, resulting in Kirkland being caught in a crossfire. Kirkland was born in Flat Rock, in Kershaw County, South Carolina. David G. Smith, "Race and Retaliation: The Capture of African Americans During the Gettysburg Campaign." [24] The act was amended twice in 1862. Most historians agree that, no matter what he thought about when he went into the war, the experience of combat affected him profoundly and sometimes affected his reasons for continuing to fight. By the time Abraham Lincoln took office as President of the United States on March 4, 1861, the seven seceding slave states had formed the Confederate States. In the action that followed, he and his unit inflicted heavy casualties on the Union attackers. Collections; . Ten companies were organized into an infantry regiment, which theoretically had 1,000 men. In his 1997 book For Cause and Comrades, which examines the motivations of the American Civil War's soldiers, historian James M. McPherson contrasts the views of Confederate soldiers regarding slavery with those of the colonial American revolutionaries of the 18th century. "[45], In 1894, Virginian and former Confederate soldier John S. Mosby, reflecting on his role in the war, stated in a letter to a friend that "I've always understood that we went to war on account of the thing we quarreled with the North about. Believing that local troops should be used only for the defense of Georgia,[69] Brown tried to stop Colonel Francis Bartow from taking Georgia troops out of the state to the First Battle of Bull Run.[70]. . Confederate private, illustration published in the Atlas to Accompany Official Records of Union and Confederate Armies, circa 1895. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. The central government was short of money so each state government had to supply its regiments. One estimate of the Confederate wounded, which is considered incomplete, is 194,026; another is 226,000. the American Civil War; `greyback' derived from their grey Nichols Publishing Co, 1922.Lanser, Amanda. In April 1862,[22] the Confederacy passed the first conscription law in either Confederate or Union history, the Conscription Act,[23] which made all able bodied white men between the ages of 18 and 35 liable for a three-year term of service in the Provisional Army. Neal Publishing Company, 1912.McPherson, James M. For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War. { board.name }} {{ board.total_asset_count }} View all Boards View all Sets CREATE BOARD. [93] Even Georgian governor Joseph E. Brown noted that "the country and the army are mainly dependent upon slave labor for support. Individual commanders often had to "beg, borrow or steal" food and ammunition from whatever sources were available, including captured U.S. depots and encampments, and private citizens regardless of their loyalties. the "CSA"), whereas the northern states that remained united under the U.S. Constitution were called collectively "the Union.". The war was nearly over by then, and only about two hundred slaves ended up being enlisted before the Confederate armies all surrendered.[22]. Many of the Confederacy's senior military leaders (including Robert E. Lee, Albert Sidney Johnston, and James Longstreet) and even President Jefferson Davis, were former U.S. Army and, in smaller numbers, U.S. Navy officers who had been opposed to, disapproved of, or were at least unenthusiastic about secession, but resigned their U.S. commissions upon hearing that their states had left the Union. However, no Indian regiment was to be called on to fight outside Indian Territory. U.S. forces destroyed track, engines, cars, bridges and telegraph lines as often as possible, knowing that new equipment was unavailable to the Confederacy. [87] They were often the victims of battlefield massacres and atrocities at the hands of the Confederates,[87] most notably at Fort Pillow in Tennessee and at the Battle of the Crater in Virginia. He chose to wear the rank insignia of a colonel.) "They shot them if they would not load the cannon, and we shot them if they did. A variation of the tale says the money was later moved to a "depository" in Atlanta, Georgia. "The Blue and Gray in Black and White: Assessing the Scholarship on Civil War Soldiers," in 'Aaron Sheehan-Dean, ed., 'The View from the Ground: Experiences of Civil War Soldiers, This page was last edited on 20 February 2023, at 07:07. "[22], In some cases, the Confederates forced their African American slaves to fire upon U.S. soldiers at gunpoint,[91][92] such as at the First Battle of Bull Run. Tennessee was the last state to join the Confederacy. For Confederate army soldiers, there are two major records in NARA that provide information on military service: (1) compiled military service record (CMSR) and (2) records reproduced in microfilm publication M861, Compiled Records Showing Service of Military Units in Confederate Organizations (74 rolls). It is also called the Southern Confederacy and refers to 11 states that renounced their existing agreement with others of the United States in 1860-1861 and attempted to establish a new nation in which the authority of the central government would be strictly limited and the institution of slavery would be protected. Historians provide estimates of the actual number of individual Confederate soldiers between 750,000 and 1,000,000 troops. Indeed, while about one-third of all Confederate soldiers belonged to slaveholding families, slightly more than two-thirds of the sample whose slaveholding status is known did so. Confederate guerrillas were called bushwhackers. LII, Part 2, pp. [76] Occasional raids into the North were designed to bring back money and supplies. "They forced their negroes to load their cannon," reported a U.S. officer. U.S., Confederate Soldiers Compiled Service Records, 1861-1865 Match all terms exactly First & Middle Name (s) Last Name Birth Day Month Year Location Military Any Event Keyword e.g. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". [81] The Cherokee were guaranteed protection, rations of food, livestock, tools, and other goods, as well as a delegate to the Confederate Congress at Richmond. The production of these 3" Rifle projectiles began in April 1864. Uploaded by Although fewer soldiers might comprise a squad or platoon, the smallest infantry maneuver unit in the Army was a company of 100 soldiers. They felt that they had no choice but to help defend their homes. According to historian Paul D. Escott: [F]or a great many of the most powerful southerners the idea of arming and freeing the slaves was repugnant because the protection of slavery had been and still remained the central core of Confederate purpose Slavery was the basis of the planter class's wealth, power, and position in society. While Confederate officers were generally better-supplied and were normally able to wear a regulation officer's uniform, they often chose to share other hardships such as the lack of adequate food with their troops. 2 What was of the actual number of individual Confederate soldiers stock and... Located in Confederate states 1912.McPherson, James M. for Cause and Comrades: Why men Fought in Civil! Of 103,400 deserters is too low 1865, and red for artillery over 797 billion packages... Choctaw forces states army illustration published in the War a few corps commanders were never confirmed as lieutenant and! Money was later moved to a & quot ; Doughboy & quot ; in Atlanta, Georgia of! 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