However, the study is not based on a representative sample, raising questions about the generalizability of its findings.29. Using data from the US Census Bureau, we found the country that was the most common birthplace for foreign-born residents in each state (excluding Mexico, which was the most common country of birth for immigrants in 32 states). When asked how important religion is in their life, 72 percent of respondents reply that religion is either very important or somewhat important. It Depends on the Measure, Pew Research Center, June 17, 2014, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/06/17/which-party-is-more-to-blame-for-political-polarization-it-depends-on-the-measure/. 42 Shanto Iyengar, Gaurav Sood, and Yphtach Lelkes, Affect, Not Ideology: A Social Identity Perspective on Polarization, Public Opinion Quarterly 76, no. While this does not necessarily mean that two-thirds of Indian Americans are disconnected from their community, it does suggest that formal participation is somewhat limited. For instance, a March 2020 Pew survey found that 79 percent of Americans agree that there is a lot or some discrimination against African Americans. They alone account for 4.6% of the civilian labor force, a dip from their peak of 5.4% in 2007. Immigrants from Mexico have the lowest rates of English proficiency (34%), followed by those from Central America (35%), East and Southeast Asia (50%) and South America (56%). . Since 1975, Koreans have ranked among the top 5 groups of . 54 Devesh Kapur, The Power of Indians Abroad, Foreign Policy, May 13, 2021, https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/05/13/the-power-of-indians-abroad/. Hindus who recently arrived in the United States are just as likely to identify with a caste group as those who have been here for a quarter-century or more.31. Immigrants from Canada (96%), Oceania (82%), Europe (75%) and sub-Saharan Africa (74%) have the highest rates of English proficiency. Business Insider/Andy Kiersz, data from US Census Bureau, NOW WATCH: Here's how the map of the United States has changed in 200 years. Today, more than 40 million people living in the U.S. were born in another country, accounting for about one-fifth of the worlds migrants. Hover over a state to get the total foreign-born population and double click on a state to get top county estimates. The United States has more immigrants than any other country in the world. In fiscal 2019, apprehensions of Central Americans at the border exceeded those of Mexicans for the fourth consecutive year. Another 23% of all immigrants were unauthorized immigrants. Generally, most immigrants eligible for naturalization apply to become citizens. Is the immigrant population growing? Of the non-citizen population residing in the United States, the survey finds that 80 percent of them would accept U.S. citizenship if offeredan important preference given that Indian law forbids dual citizenship. What are Indian Americans experiences with discrimination, and how do discriminatory practices manifest? The results are displayed in figure 11. An additional 7.6 million immigrant workers are unauthorized immigrants, less than the total of the previous year and notably less than in 2007, when they were 8.2 million. However, non-citizens are about as likely as foreign-born citizens to engage in the resolution of community issues (12 percent versus 11 percent). This could be the result of circumstance and context, or it could be the product of social distancethe relative distance that one feels toward members of an out-group (religious, ethnic, partisan, and so on) relative to members of ones own in-group. However, the results point in the opposite direction. Each year, more than 1 million immigrants enter the country. Because the results are largely the same, this study only reports results from the former. Second, while respondents suggest Indians hold somewhat greater responsibility for engaging in discriminatory practices along religion and gender lines, here too they point mainly to non-Indians or a combination of Indians and non-Indians as primary sources of discrimination. As a final step, the survey asks respondents whether they agree or disagree with the following statement: Overall, the Indian American community has a positive impact on U.S.-India relations. As of now, the community is quite bullish about the diasporas achievements in this regard. Another 6 percent were born in either Bangladesh or Pakistan. Give Orange. Respondents can select from one of three responses: very comfortable, somewhat comfortable, or not comfortable. Here's How the Answer Got So Complicated, Time, March 12, 2020, https://time.com/5800209/asian-american-census/. 2 (2016): 283301. But religion only narrowly edges out the role of Indias political leadership (56 percent) for the top spot, and political parties (47 percent) are not far behind. Early childhood risk, reach, and resilience. How do they respond to the dual impulses of assimilation and integration? The February 2021 IAAS study examined the degree to which Indian Americans remain connected to India through cultural outlets such as Indian food, movies or television, and art, dance, or music.38 This paper looks at one additional aspect of cultural engagement: participation in select holidays regularly celebrated in India. Between 2007 and 2017, this group decreased by 2 million. For complete survey topline results, please visit Appendix B online. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. Chinese Americans are the largest Asian origin group in the U.S., making up 24% of the Asian population, or 5.4 million people. Thirty-seven percent of Congress supporters are somewhat comfortable having friends who support the BJP (identical to the share of BJP supporters who are somewhat comfortable having Congress friends), but just 23 percent say they are very comfortable having BJP supporters as friends (for BJP supporters, the analogous share is 35 percent). There is surprisingly little systematic data about the everyday social realities that Indian Americans experience. Hindus are also more likely than Muslims or Christians to state that they pray a few times a month, seldom, or never.27, Finally, the survey explores the issue of caste. The percentage of the population born outside the US varies widely from state to state. The actual change is expected to come in 2055, when Asians will become the largest immigrant group at 36 percent, compared with Hispanics at 34 percent. Rankings only apply to origin countries that meet this criterion. Muslims report the greatest degree of religious discrimination by far (39 percent), followed by Hindus (18 percent), Christians (15 percent), and believers of other faiths (9 percent). 12 Sumitra Badrinathan, Devesh Kapur, and Milan Vaishnav, How Will Indian Americans Vote? Second, the survey asks respondents about their own lived experience with discrimination. YouGov employs a sophisticated sample matching procedure to ensure that the respondent pool is representative of the Indian American community in the United States, using data from the ACS as a target sample frame. Religious differences, in particular, have emerged as a salient divide both in India and among members of the diaspora. To probe this issue, the survey provides respondents with eight identity categories and asks them which of the following best describes their background. These data suggest that the vast majority of the Indian immigrant population in the United States were already highly educated prior to arriving in the country. Given the fact that the majority of younger Indian Americans below age twenty-seven are born in the United States while the opposite is true of those above age twenty-seven, YouGov oversampled younger Indian Americans between the ages of eighteen and twenty-seven to ensure that the studys analyses can make inferences about generational differences within the Indian American community. To provide an accurate picture of the Indian American community as a whole, the full sample contains both U.S. citizens and nonU.S. These top 20 metro areas were home to 28.7 million immigrants, or 64% of the nations total foreign-born population. We welcome and appreciate comments onThe Dallas Express as part of a healthy dialogue. The US is a nation of immigrants from all around the world. While 86 percent of Hindus report identifying with some kind of Indian identity, 71 percent of Christians and 52 percent of Muslims do the same. Specifically, this study addresses seven questions concerning the social realities of Indian Americans: This study is the third in a series of empirical papers on the Indian American community. This is a list of U.S. states and the District of Columbia by annual net migration. U.S. President Joe Biden remarked in a March 2021 phone call with Swati Mohan, an Indian-origin scientist charged with overseeing the highly anticipated landing of the Perseverance Mars rover for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Its amazing. Finally, Christians are more likely to self-identify as American without any hyphenation (9 percent versus 6 percent for Muslim and 4 percent for Hindus). The number of apprehensions at the U.S.-Mexico border has doubled from fiscal 2018 to fiscal 2019, from 396,579 in fiscal 2018 to 851,508 in fiscal 2019. The top countries of origin for immigrants were India (11 percent of immigrants), Mexico (8 percent), China (6 percent), the Philippines (3 percent), and Canada (3 percent). Malayalam (6 percent), Urdu (5 percent), Marathi (4 percent), and Kannada (3 percent) round out the list. From 1820 to 2013, 79 million people obtained lawful permanent resident status in the United States. India tops that list in 21 states. The differences are most pronounced among those who say being Indian is very important to them. What are the social realities and lived experiences of Indian Americans? Send a Message. The IAAS survey first asks respondents if they think discrimination against people of Indian origin is a major problem. We are grateful to Tobin Hansen of Carnegie for his assistance with the design and the analysis of the survey. According to YouGov, its panel outperformed its peer competitors evaluated in this Pew study. The IAAS sample includes both citizens and non-U.S. citizens; the former category accounts for 77 percent of the survey respondents. Since 1980, the U.S. Census has categorized Indians as Asian Indian, a subset of the Asian racial category. In the 1830s, the number grew to 235,000, and in the 1840sdue to a potato . The survey asks respondents whether they participate in a set of holidays, some associated with India and others that are either associated with the United States or are more global in nature. In that sense, the currents coursing their way through the Indian diaspora are perhaps reflective not only of broader developments in American society but alsoand perhaps even to a greater extentthe turbulence afflicting India. In order to be eligible to serve as a respondent for the IAAS, members of YouGovs panel must self-identify as a person of (Asian) Indian origin who resides in the United States. Many states have large immigrant populations from India. When it comes to online discussions of politics, 28 percent of U.S.-born citizens posted comments about political issues on an online forum, compared to 18 percent of foreign-born citizens and 14 percent of non-citizens. The top five languages spoken at home among immigrants outside of Spanish are English only (17%), followed by Chinese (6%), Hindi (5%), Filipino/Tagalog (4%) and French (3%). To measure interreligious social distance, the survey asks respondents how comfortable they would be having close friends that are Hindu or Muslim. We are grateful to Ashley Grosse, Alexander Marsolais, and their colleagues at YouGov for their help with the design and execution of the survey. Comments. 1615 L St. NW, Suite 800Washington, DC 20036USA We bring the best out of every single solitary culture in the world here in the United States of America, and we give people an opportunity to let their dreams run forward.2. Responses are very divided. First, respondents overwhelmingly blame non-Indians when it comes to discrimination on the basis of country of origin or skin color. This paper argues that while there is much that binds the community, there are also nascent signs that these common bonds are being tested as religious cleavages, generational divides, and political polarization invite fragmentation. Another 31 percent report little or no participation in religious services, claiming they do so seldom or never. This final section examines how respondents relate to the Indian American community. Largest Immigrant Groups by US State Can you name the 5 largest immigrant groups in each US state? 3 Immigration Commission, U.S. Senate, Reports of the Immigration Commission 349 (1911) cited in Sherally Munshi, Immigration, Imperialism, and the Legacies of Indian Exclusion, Yale Journal of Law & Humanities 28, no. As table 1 indicates, 77 percent of IAAS respondents are U.S. citizens, although there is significant variation within that category.16 Thirty-nine percent of all respondents immigrated to the United States and later became naturalized U.S. citizens. We would like to acknowledge numerous individuals and organizations for making this study possible. 32 The latter figure might be even greater if there are those who consider their Indian identity to be so unimportant that they do not self-identify as a person of (Asian) Indian origin in the YouGov panel to begin with. The first table lists U.S. states and the District of Columbia by annual net domestic migration, while the second table lists U.S. states and the District of Columbia by annual net international migration. When it comes to discrimination experienced by Indian Americans, a significantly larger share of foreign-born Indian Americans (59 percent) state that they have not been discriminated against on any grounds in the past year, compared to just 36 percent of U.S.-born Indian Americans (see figure 27). South America South Central Asia South Eastern Asia Western Asia Alabama Immigrants U.S. born Mexico Guatemala India China/HK Korea Germany Vietnam Philippines United Kingdom Canada Honduras Jamaica Japan Colombia El Salvador Immigrants 20K 40K 60K Mapbox OSM Top 15 countries of birth Migration Policy Institute MPI Data Hub In many ways, the community is often portrayed as the poster child of Americas historic opening to new immigrants whoin ways big and smallhave transformed the country. Fifty-eight percent of Hindus respond in this way, while 48 and 46 percent of Muslims and Christians, respectively, report that their networks are comprised of those of the same religion. By race and ethnicity, more Asian immigrants than Hispanic immigrants have arrived in the U.S. in most years since 2009. New immigrant arrivals have fallen, mainly due to a decrease in the number of unauthorized immigrants coming to the U.S. The remaining 23 percent of the sample consists of immigrants residing in the United States who do not hold U.S. citizenship. Millions of people are polled annually as part of the American Community Survey by the U.S. Census Bureau to learn more . Forty-seven percent of Hindu respondents report identifying with a caste, which means the majority (53 percent) said that they do not personally identify with a caste group of any kind. Kind to each other and to everyone else in your comments. Sampling weights were then post-stratified on 2016 presidential vote choice, as well as a three-way stratification of gender, age (four categories), and education (four categories), to produce the final weight. where they are the largest immigrant group. Most immigrants (77%) are in the country legally, while almost a quarter are unauthorized, according to new Pew Research Center estimates based on census data adjusted for undercount. U.S. Census data affirm that Indian Americans enjoy a standard of living that is roughly double that of the median American household, underpinned by substantially greater educational attainmentthe share of Indian Americans with at least a bachelors degree is twice the national average.4 However, these aggregate figures mask severe inequalities within the community. But how Indian Americans choose to deploy this influence remains an open question. Access your favorite topics in a personalized feed while you're on the go. One might expect that foreign-born respondents might face greater discrimination given that they are more likely to bear obvious markers that tie them to India (such as accents or dress). By region of birth, immigrants from Asia combined accounted for 28% of all immigrants, close to the share of immigrants from Mexico (25%). Contributing financially to campaigns (14 percent), contacting an elected representative or government official (12 percent), and volunteering on a political campaign (9 percent) are less popular activities.36, As with civic engagement, U.S.-born citizens are the most engaged, followed by foreign-born citizens and non-citizens (see figure 15). Among those immigrant populations, countries of origin also vary widely. However, there is marked variation by place of birth. India tops that list in 21 states. The key takeaway is that Republicans are more comfortable having close friends who are Democrats than the converse (see figure 23). Looking forward, immigrants and their descendants are projected to account for 88% of U.S. population growth through 2065, assuming current immigration trends continue. Sumitra Badrinathan is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism at Oxford University. North Dakota made the list in 1890 and 1900. This proportion declines dramatically for Hindus, with only 21 percent reporting regularly attending religious services. Pew Research Center estimates indicate that in 2065, those who identify as Asian will make up some 38% of all immigrants; as Hispanic, 31%; White, 20%; and Black, 9%. Country. Forty-eight percent of respondents report that most or all of their Indian friends share their religious faith, while another 36 percent report that some of their friends are coreligionists. The term net domestic migration describes the total number of people moving to a state from another state minus people moving to another state from that state. (Respondents can select multiple choices from a preselected menu of options, so the percentages in the figure do not add up to 100.). By clicking Sign up, you agree to receive marketing emails from Insider rise in the number from Central America and Asia. As the figure demonstrates, religion leads the way59 percent of Indian Americans believe it is responsible for creating internal divisions in the community. It explores this contentious subject in three ways. Today, there are more apprehensions of non-Mexicans than Mexicans at the border. Overall, Hindi is the most common mother tongue (19 percent), followed by Gujarati (14 percent), English only (10 percent), and Telugu (10 percent)the latter is the primary language of the southern states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.22 Eight percent of respondents report Tamil as their mother tongue, while 7 percent apiece report Punjabi or Bengali. In certain cases, these larger groupings consist of smaller denominations that have been aggregated upward. 50 Surinder S. Jodhka and Ghanshyam Shah, Comparative Contexts of Discrimination: Caste and Untouchability in South Asia, Economic and Political Weekly 45, no. For more information, please refer to our Complete Comment Moderation Policy. In 2017, about 29 million immigrants were working or looking for work in the U.S., making up some 17% of the total civilian labor force. Table 2 presents results of the most common languages among respondents, restricting attention to languages identified by at least 2 percent of respondents. The backgrounds of children of immigrants' families vary by state and region. Comments. To broaden the aperture, the survey asks about discrimination along several dimensions beyond country of origin: skin color, gender, religion, and caste. The overall margin of error for the IAAS is +/- 2.8 percent. But this remains a minority view: 40 percent of Indian Americans do not believe that domestic politics are dividing the Indian diaspora in the United States. The survey asks respondents to identify the primary language (other than English) spoken by their mothera narrow, literal definition of the concept of ones mother tongue. The states with the largest immigrant populations are California, New York, Florida, and Texas. 9 Nicole Hong and Jonah E. Bromwich, Asian-Americans Are Being Attacked. Although overall levels of poverty are lower than the American average,5 there are concentrated pockets of deprivation, especially among the large number of unauthorized immigrants born in India and residing in the United States.6. Do religious differences and partisan politics exacerbate social distance between members of the Indian American community? More specifically, this effort scrutinizes legislative changes in immigration policy enabling this group to become the second largest immigrant group after Mexicans in the United States. Yet these views vary starkly by political affiliation. However, duration of stay remains significant. The one slight deviation in the overall pattern of civic engagement is found in the final categoryworking with others in your community to solve a problem. 28 Dutt, The Specter of Caste in Silicon Valley; Jennifer Medina, Debate Erupts in California Over Curriculum on Indias History, New York Times, May 4, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/06/us/debate-erupts-over-californias-india-history-curriculum.html. (Hence, the percentages do not add up to 100.) However, when compared to their foreign-born counterparts, U.S.-born Indian Americans are four times as likely to report having a spouse or partner who is of Indian origin but born in the United States (31 percent versus 8 percent). 27 There is significant variation in the frequency of prayer based on respondents age. We would also like to acknowledge Amy Mellon for contributing her considerable graphic design talents. Second, around one-third of Christians and Hindus and two-fifths of Muslims are situated in the middle, reporting that some of their Indian American networks are made up of friends of the same religion. In terms of educational attainment, 48 percent of Hindus with an undergraduate education profess a caste identify compared to 43 percent with less than a four-year college degree. Milan Vaishnav is a senior fellow and director of the South Asia Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. In fact, that is precisely what the data suggest (see figure 10). Therefore, the map above looks at the country other than Mexico that is the birthplace of the most foreign-born respondents in the survey. 14 Mary Hanna and Jeanne Batalova, Indian Immigrants in the United States, Migration Policy Institute, October 16, 2020, https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/indian-immigrants-united-states-2019. Around 21 percent express no opinion either way. Roughly one-fifth lived in the Northeast (21%) and 11% were in the Midwest. Furthermore, respondents who did not disclose a caste identity were dropped from the data set. Hispanics are also the nation's largest immigrant group and one of its fastest growing populations. From 2010 to 2019, the number of undocumented immigrants in the state fell from 2.9 million to 2.3 million. Among Republicans and Republican-leaning independents, 41% say immigrants strengthen the country, while 44% say they burden it. As one might expect, first-generation (foreign-born) and second-generation (U.S.-born) respondents approach this question differently (see figure 12). , the number from Central America and Asia to get the total foreign-born population and click. 100. data about the diasporas achievements in this Pew study languages identified by least... North Dakota made the list in 1890 and 1900 are grateful to Tobin of... 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