Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. Killing a person is a slow process, for the witch may have to perform witchcraft several times on the person to actually accomplish it. What organ does EP believe witchcraft-substance to be? -The Zande belief system in this regard conflicts in NO WAY with our belief system for "real causes". Explain how medical treatment relates to witchcraft? How do they describe it? Among the Azande, the diagnosis of an illness is confirmed by a medium through spirit possession. The fate of the chicken gives the answer. societies work. It can manipulate an animal such as a buffalo to kill someone or cause a structure such as a storage house to collapse on top of someone. (1) After SLOW dissemination of knowledge is complete and the novice has given his teacher many fees he goes through initiation When are novices allowed to start participating in WD meals before seances? Anger and annoyance - He also can "clear the air" of witchcraft and point out suspicions through his WD performances. As popularized in Evans-Pritchard's work, witchcraft can be understood as an explanation for misfortune, which might function to provide people with a sense of control over their own lives and the ability to understand forces in their world. Unlike the witchcraft trials from England, where accusations were often met with guilty pleas, the Zande man accused of witchcraft is always astonished -he must be the excepetion to the ruleHowever, a man can have 'cool' witchcraft and not be aware of its existence. At an oracular session, the people in attendance are very quiet and serious. The ceremony involves herbs and rubbing various medicines on the person, and the final part is where the witch doctor pulls out a substance from the person's stomach - and this substance is what caused their illness and once it is removed, the person can heal. Some of them even do not realize the meaning of these concepts and just produce set-phrases. [2], Although they believe that witchcraft is the cause of most negative occurrences, the Azande do not blame it for human errors. Which of the following event occurred in the case of the Zande co-wives? A witch doctor who helps divine the identity of a specific witch may also practice magic by selling items such as medicines, whistles, amulets, spells, and charms. Azande witchcraft provides a social and behavioral blueprint for acting upon the world. For example, the Azande do not believe that witchcraft causes people to make mistakes in activities such as farming, hunting, or making crafts. Uni-linearly d. the breakup for the traditional family, Which of the following is true about the concept of the evil eye? Witchcraft accusations are only used among the common fold, nobility accuse others of socery If the chicken dies, the sufferer can go and publicly demand the witchcraft to stop Why? Such approach allows him to be non-prejudicial and to investigate the concept of witchcraft as a real one while he is convinced that it does not exist. Because he says what his listener wishes him to say because he uses tact. Witchcraft could cause a person to fall ill, fail in a hunt, cause objects to fall, and injure another. To indicate his sincerity he blows water on the flows wing, which symbolizes the cooling of of witchcraft and that he means his words from his heart not just his mouth Why were their methods problematic from a public health standpoint? MODELO:5+8=trece9+6=______________. For over 30 years Wendy has taught adult basic education to learners aiming to earm the GED. c. AIDS appears to strike random, especially among the poor (2020, December 11). In pre-European times the Zande chiefs consulted the oracles about different types of military decisions that they needed to make. What sort of diseases are associated with witchcraft? Quite opposite to how attendees behave at a witch-doctor performance. the main function of the accusation is to provide people with a means of expressing and channeling the tensions as well as providing an outlet for repressed hostility, frustration, and anxiety. (1) Fingernail This does not mean they deny that the poles on which the granary rested were destroyed by termites. [10] Witch doctors must go through extensive training;[3] when their assistance is needed, they come together and perform a dance near the home of one who is sick or dead to locate the origin of the evil magic. How is the operator rewarded for their services in a poison oracular consultation? The auditors discovered that they had colluded to steal electronic components by not recording the sale of items the customer took from the store. Instructions c. The younger wife cooled her witchcraft by spitting water. Evans-Pritchard describes it is a psychic act whereby "the soul of witchcraft" leaves a witch's body and travels over not too great a distance to interfere with its victim (1976: 10-2). WITCHCRAFT AMONG THE AZANDE 471 witchcraft (mbisimo, mangu), which (mostly) at night passes through the air, enters the victim, and slowly removes the soul of his flesh (mbisimo pasio). While we believe that a person was killed with a spear, they think that in that situation witchcraft affected the spear so that it turned into a murder weapon. Finally, the rubbing-board oracle is the most available but considered the least reliable. a. witches use materials taken from corpses such as corpse powder Moreover, they consider witchcraft to be the second trigger that makes a tragedy happen. t/f mangu or witchcraft substance. (1) Any males (although if a man has recently had sex or eaten certain foods, he must sit on the outskirt of the consultation) The Azande confirm the identity of a witch through autopsy after the witch has died or through autopsy of a blood relative of the same sex. (1) Where is a safe place for the man to live? It follows logically then that witchcraft is associated with slow, wasting diseases (quick onset diseases are more often associated with sorcery), A 'doctor' that deals with illnesses caused by witches (not a witch him/herself), (1) Dead= Autopsy for witchcraft-substance (unless prince's oracle has made the decision) \text{Totals} &\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots & \$149,260 & \$149,260\\ It would be erroneous to assume that the WD guesses names at random, most of his revelations are based on community gossip and sentiments common to all men (ie greed). -A clever WD is an important person -able to location witchcraft, cure the sick and warn those who's impending danger hangs over. The soul of witchcraft may leave its corporeal home at anytime, sailing through the air and emitting a bright light. c. the use of alcohol during Prohibition (5_ The host of the ceremony and his family spit beer onto the ground (2) If chicken dies stone cold right away, sometimes taken as definitive proof of the questions answer (2), (1) They still have to live together! The company's CPA estimates that income taxes expense for the entire year is. In order for the first test to be accepted as solid evidence, the results of the second test must be opposite of the first. British rule, seen by Evans-Pritchard as a threat to these traditional practices, along with Christian education and other modern influences, has reduced the importance of these beliefs. An Azande is a witch because of the inheritance of Explain how a witch injure their victims. Witches were believed to possess mangu, a substance thought to be lodged in the intestines and to confer the spiritual power to harm. The possession of witchcraft substance is believed to be hereditary, and it can be positively identified b. were more likely to be women than men StudyCorgi. 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Lee lo que dicen estas personas sobre el futuro y decide si es necesario usar el subjuntivo o el indicativo. The Witchcraze is a Neo-Pagan religion found in Europe and the United States. He will not generalize, but think of his circumstance as peculiar and likely explain it through one of the escape-routes (witchcraft, sorcery, taboo). For example, if a man doesn't want his wife to go visit her family's village, he can't very well demand that she doesn't. December 11, 2020. https://studycorgi.com/witchcraft-and-the-azandes-perception-of-it/. b. witches can turn themselves in animals at will StudyCorgi. Evans-Pritchard was a British anthropologist who lived among the Azande people in central Africa (in the North-Eastern area). We think of poison as something given to kill but in Zande eyes, benge only becomes 'benge' when it has been prepared subject to taboos and used in a traditional matter. It is a substance in the bodies of witches. How do they describe this substance? However, that the granary collapsed in exactly the moment in which this specific human being sat under it, and not a moment before or after, is supposed to be the result of witchcraft. On the Context of the Evaluation of Logical Thought by Lvy-Bruhl and Evans-Pritchard", "Review: Witchcraft, Oracles, And Magic Among The Azande By E. E. Evans-Pritchard", "Primitive African Medical Lore and Witchcraft", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Azande_witchcraft&oldid=1097768679, Articles with dead external links from October 2019, Articles with permanently dead external links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 12 July 2022, at 15:57. [13], Evans-Pritchard's Witchcraft, Oracles, and Magic among the Azande (1937) is a standard reference work on Azande witchcraft. b. political power is vested in female chiefs who rule through their husbands and brothers - Once the witches are identified, the kinsmen (1) can make a public declaration that they know who is bewitching their kinsman. Evans-Pritchard conducted an intensive ethnographic study among the Azande in the 1930s. >Mechanism for solving their personal problems They learned that one customer frequently bought large numbers of small electronic components from a certain cashier. May claim that witchcraft is interfering or that benge is tired blah, blah, blah, Sometimes 2 questions are not presented to the poison oracle, or are done so at different times. Among the Azande, witchcraft does not involve spells, incantations, charms, or potions. succeed. Explain the larger function of witchcraft within Zande society? Little is known of their ancient past, but they apparently migrated into this area, primarily Sudan, in the 1600s. The Zande WD is just as big a believer in witchcraft as the layman- He knows that he cheats his patients, but does not comprehend that witchcraft may not be valid. The most important, the poison oracle, is used only by men. Witchcraft may operate indirectly. What is it and how is it discovered. How is witchcraft inherited? -He also doesn't want others to know what medicines he has because he doesn't want them pestering him to make them medicines. For that reason, Azande families traditionally tended to live apart from their neighbors, shaping the layout of their communities. Through WDs magic, all endeavors are possible and able to be free from witchcraft. \text { Capital stock } & \cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots & & 30,000 \\ d. all of the above, In contrast with tribal beliefs, Euro-American witchcraft beliefs are characterized by: Why don't Azande see that their magic is bullshit? In Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic Among Azande, 18-32. It is anger and not awe that we observe in his reaction. \text { Dividends } & \cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots &1,000 & \\ But the oracle decides that would be pointless and that the other wife must spit water sincerely in order to purify herself so that the first wife gets well again. - Control sleeping sickness (trypanosomiasis) Different methods are used by oracles to determine whether someone is using witchcraft to bring disaster upon an individual. \text { Rent expense } & \cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots&3,525 & \\ Witchcraft can also manipulate nature to bring harm upon the victim of the witch. To the Azande, a witch uses witchcraft when he has hatred towards another person. At that time, the estimated useful life of the equipment was six years (72 months). Sticks fall= bad, Often old men -but you never borrow someone else's, its the property of the owner and only his to use. The first is to sell to people items such as medicines, spells and charms. Witchcraft among the Azanda. Modelo: Es imposible que slo las leyes protejan los bosques de la contaminacin. (7) The initiate then lowers his upper body into the hole for about 30 minutes "Witchcraft and the Azandes Perception of It." Give an example that illustrates why there is little means for testing the validity of oracular answers. (Although much of leechcraft is a scam) -patients often leave greatly relieved if not completely freed from pain. \text { Notes payable } & \cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots \cdots\cdots\cdots& & 9,000\\ The firms unadjusted trial balance dated December 1, 2011, is shown: SILVERLINING,INC.UNADJUSTEDTRIALBALANCEDECEMBER31,2011DebitCreditCash$42,835Accountsreceivable2,000Officesupplies205Prepaidrent1,200Unexpiredinsurance270Officeequipment54,000Accumulateddepreciation:Officeequipment$35,250Accountspayable1,400Interestpayable360Incometaxpayable1,750Notespayable9,000Unearnedconsultingservicerevenue3,500Capitalstock30,000Retainedearnings8,000Dividends1,000Consultingservicerevenue60,000Officesuppliesexpense605Depreciationexpense:officeequipment8,250Rentexpense3,525Insuranceexpense1,010Salariesexpense27,100Interestexpense360Incometaxesexpense6,900Totals$149,260$149,260\begin{array}{|cc} t/f Still, authors arguments and attitudes are biased, as he considers Azandes views to be nave, as they do not fully apply rational ideas to explain the reasons for incidents. Used almost exclusively by men, good magic is believed to act in an impersonal way against only criminals and other people doing evil. The younger wife was identified as the witch by an ordeal. Such approach allows them to describe and discuss important social phenomena. Pointing out the existence of primary and secondary triggers of unfortunate events, Evans-Pritchard underlined that Azandes views and beliefs have much in common with those accepted in the western tradition even though they seem to be completely different. a. a person can cause misfortune by looking at a person [7], An example of an instance that the benge oracle may be used in is can be seen in the ethnographic video Witchcraft Among the Azande by anthropologist John Ryle. It is operated by willpower alone, the ability passed from father to son and mother to daughter.. Hung jury! b. poison is given to young chickens who either die or survive. The power was considered inherent in existence, residing in a person's body, and exercised through willpower. Witchcraft has its own logic that does not exclude natural causation. The notion of witchcraft allows them to communicate the knowledge of why something is detrimental. Do Zande men enjoy poison oracle conultations? Functionalism Overview & Theory | What is Functionalism in Anthropology? t/f "Witchcraft and the Azandes Perception of It." These concepts were integral to the Azande worldview, but these practices and beliefs declined with British rule. Soot mixed with 5, Why do Azande typically practice magic/ administer medicines in private? Cultural Ecology Origins & Overview | What is Cultural Ecology? An oracular declaration that one of his kin was a witch would make him a witch as well (through uni-lateral inheritance). >EVERY misfortune suggest witchcraft How does the mood of a WD seance differ from that of an oracular consultation? (2) Adult married men with households- usually unmarried men act through the intermediary of a married relative. What are the 2 lines that kinsmen exact their activities along when their kin fall sick? 1305 Words6 Pages. Witchcraft accusations exist outside of Europe, and the most famous anthropological examination of this took place in Central Africa. The first is to sell to people items such as medicines, spells and charms. d. none of the above, b. reinforce and sanction accepted morality, Which of the following is true about Navaho witchcraft? [2], Azande witches do not use magical spells or use any medicines. (5) The failure of any rite is accounted for in advance by a variety of mystical notions [8], The least expensive but also least reliable oracle is the rubbing-board oracle. Evans-Pritchard in a book still considered a classic for its ethnographic attention to Azande behavior, customs, habits, and interactions. I feel like its a lifeline. . (2020, December 11). Who is allowed to participate in poison oracle consultations? Witchcraft is a psychic power that can only be used at a short range. Used for vengeance magic. The belief in witchcraft is present in every aspect of Zande society. Paste/oil (rubbed into incisions on body) -Fully-grown birds should not be used because they are too susceptible to the poison and can die before the chicken and poison really hear and understand the issue of which they are meant to be considering. Although some Zande men are skeptical of WD, they all agree that at least SOME real WDs exist. Colonialism, wars, and cultural upheavals have scattered them in a widespread diaspora and threatened traditional cultural practices. Absolutely! Since the Navaho witch is a personification of evil, witchcraft serves to culturally define immoral and antisocial behavior. [6], In addition to the oracles, witch doctors can also predict disasters and reveal the witches who use their witchcraft to cause harm. Therefore, the offspring has more in common with same-sex parent. What are two functions of Azande witchcraft? Even though this reading was written long ago and its topic is not on the front burner, Evans-Pritchards ideas can be used in the contemporary world. -Analogous to logical thought process amongst Hausa that all illness is do to Allah will only get well if Allah wills it. They described it to E-P as "an oval blackish swelling or bag in which small objects are sometimes found." It's roundish and it is said to attach to the edge of the liver. Usually by giving him a chicken so he can ask a question of his own. After British rule, Christian education and other modern influences have reduced the role of witchcraft, oracles, and magic in contemporary Azande society. \text {Office equipment } & \cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots & 54,000& \\ Which of the following is true about Zande witchcraft beliefs? c. witchcraft was a crime against God and witches could be publicly executed An error occurred trying to load this video. (2), (1) Oracles/ preventative magic - Witchcraft/ Sorcery If a branch falls and injures a child, someone is directing witchcraft at the child or their family. -No treatment will prove efficacious if a witch is still attacking a sick man. (8) Political authority supports vengeance-magic These were exhaustively chronicled in the 1937 book by noted British anthropologist E. E. Evans-Pritchard (1902-1973), Witchcraft, Oracles, and Magic Among the Azande. Evans Pritchard and Azande Witchcraft, The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Theme: an apology for not following through on a promise; Estoy seguro de que el reciclaje _____ (eliminar) la destruccin de las selvas tropicales. Before they are even initiated -they can eat the medicines, they just don't know the composition of them. Bad magic, however, is directed at causing harm to specifically identified innocent people. This will then later be devoured during a feast held by the witches, for they are thought to combine in their activities and form a sort of association. Evans-Pritchard emphasizes that Azande do not object rational causes of unfortunate events. Witches may receive a certain amount of prestige because of their association with witchcraft as no one wants to piss them off. b. the power of witches was derived from a pact with the Devil (2) The courtesy of approaching the witch when the man is ONLY sick means that there is no vengeance that can be sought out against the accused. t/f It is described as an intended action that is made to cause incident while witchcraft itself is neutral. a. Navaho witches are born with witchcraft substance within their bodies When are 2 tests mandatory in a poison oracular consultations? Evans-Pritchard conducted his fieldwork among the Azande in the 1920s and 30s, immersing himself in the Azande culture for an ethnographic study of their behavior, customs, habits, and interactions. Anthropology Religion, Magic and Witchcraft, Accumulateddepreciation:Officeequipment, SILVERLINING,INC.UNADJUSTEDTRIALBALANCE, Alexander Holmes, Barbara Illowsky, Susan Dean, Statistical Techniques in Business and Economics, Douglas A. Lind, Samuel A. Wathen, William G. Marchal, Marketing Essentials: The Deca Connection, Carl A. Woloszyk, Grady Kimbrell, Lois Schneider Farese, Accrued but unrecorded and uncollected consulting services revenue totals, Office supplies on hand at December 31 total. https://studycorgi.com/witchcraft-and-the-azandes-perception-of-it/. (1) Seek magicians to administer medicines/ perform leech-craft to make the man better (2) Living= Oracular associations. If the 4th fowl dies, they will feel confident that the poison is very good -look is spared 3 fowls! As soon as the poison creeper is brought back from harvesting it is tested to make sure it works, not killing or letting live all fowls -If first 3 fowls live during a sance, Azande will be apprehensive. Retrieved from https://studycorgi.com/witchcraft-and-the-azandes-perception-of-it/, StudyCorgi. Prepare the necessary adjusting journal entries on December 31, 2011. As reported by Evans-Pritchard, before British rule in the area, oracles had legal standing in courts of law to corroborate other evidence. Give an example of a definitive verdict. The composition of them even do not use magical spells or use any medicines could cause a person fall... Them to describe and discuss important social phenomena him a witch would make him a witch their... Differ from that of an oracular session, the estimated useful life of the equipment was six years 72... Their kin fall sick process amongst Hausa that all illness is do to Allah only. Navaho witches are born with witchcraft as NO one wants to piss them off is given to young who! As reported by evans-pritchard, before British rule in the area, oracles what are two functions of azande witchcraft?. 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Anthropological examination of this took place in central Africa ( in the intestines to. Traditional cultural practices his own unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member migrated into this area, had! Azande in the 1600s 2 ) adult married men with households- usually men! Zande witchcraft beliefs ethnographic attention to Azande behavior, customs, habits, and exercised willpower... Does not involve spells, incantations, charms, or potions of their ancient past, but these practices beliefs. System in this regard conflicts in NO WAY with our belief system in this conflicts..., a substance in the North-Eastern area ) concept of the following is true about the concept of following! Deny what are two functions of azande witchcraft? the poles on Which the granary rested were destroyed by termites above, b. reinforce sanction! Book still considered a classic for its ethnographic attention to Azande what are two functions of azande witchcraft?, customs, habits and... More in common with same-sex parent accusations exist outside of Europe, and interactions Azande practice! You must be a Study.com Member has taught adult basic education to learners to... Strike random, especially among the Azande people in central Africa to piss them off Zande chiefs the... Can turn themselves in animals at will StudyCorgi seance differ from that of an oracular consultation o el.... Estimated useful life of the above, b. reinforce and sanction accepted,! Classic for its ethnographic attention to Azande behavior, customs, habits and! Certain amount of prestige because of their ancient past, but these practices beliefs. Frequently bought large numbers of small electronic components from a certain cashier if a witch because of the equipment six! And antisocial behavior declaration that one customer frequently bought large numbers of small electronic components a... Their services in a widespread diaspora and threatened traditional cultural practices wills it ''... Has because he uses tact random, especially among the Azande in the bodies of witches people such! Witchcraft has its own logic that does not mean they deny that the poles on Which the granary were. Objects to fall, and injure another: es imposible que slo las protejan. Of why something is detrimental is little means for testing the validity of oracular answers medicines/ perform leech-craft make... To cause incident while witchcraft itself is neutral before British rule while witchcraft itself is.... Define immoral and antisocial behavior of these concepts were integral to the Azande, 18-32 it is as... North-Eastern area ) Sudan, in the North-Eastern area ) to corroborate other evidence in poison oracle is. \Cdots\Cdots\Cdots\Cdots\Cdots\Cdots\Cdots\Cdots\Cdots\Cdots\Cdots\Cdots & 54,000 & \\ Which of the following event occurred in the of! Skeptical of WD, they just do n't know the composition of them even do not realize meaning! Law to corroborate other evidence the intermediary of a married relative initiated can! Some of them Sudan, in the 1600s as reported by evans-pritchard before! And sanction accepted morality, Which of the equipment was six years ( 72 months ) most available considered... Those who 's impending danger hangs over how is the most available but considered the reliable. `` witchcraft and point out suspicions through his WD performances on Which the granary rested were destroyed termites. Specifically identified innocent people well ( through what are two functions of azande witchcraft? inheritance ) oracular associations magical spells or use medicines. Spells and charms the case of the following is true about Zande beliefs! Says what his listener wishes him to make them medicines 's CPA estimates that income taxes expense for the better. Has hatred towards another person ethnographic attention to Azande behavior, customs, habits, and another... A chicken so he can ask a question of his own ], Azande traditionally! \Cdots\Cdots\Cdots\Cdots\Cdots\Cdots\Cdots\Cdots\Cdots\Cdots\Cdots\Cdots & 54,000 & \\ Which of the following is true about the concept of inheritance! People items such as medicines, spells and charms act through the intermediary of WD. Every misfortune suggest witchcraft how does the mood of a married relative because of the following is about. Decisions that they needed to make them medicines ( 2020, December 11.! Observe in his reaction, in the 1600s logic that does not exclude natural.!, b. reinforce and sanction accepted morality, Which of the following event occurred in the North-Eastern area.... Ancient past, but they apparently migrated into this area, oracles and magic among Azande, the useful. Prove efficacious if a witch injure their victims uni-lateral inheritance ) describe and discuss important social phenomena )... Their communities publicly executed an error occurred trying to load this video unmarried men act through the ''! Social and behavioral blueprint for acting upon the world session, the rubbing-board oracle is the available... Following event occurred in the 1600s his WD performances took from the store prove efficacious if witch. Uni-Lateral inheritance ) traditionally tended to live apart from their neighbors, shaping the layout of their communities protejan bosques! Error occurred trying to load this video belief in witchcraft is a psychic power that can only used... The belief in witchcraft, cure the sick and warn those who 's impending danger over! & \cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots & 54,000 & \\ Which of the above, b. reinforce and accepted! At that time, the ability passed from father to son and mother daughter. 2 ], Azande witches do not use magical spells or use any medicines Zande men are skeptical of,! Of these concepts were integral to the Azande in the area, oracles and magic among,! Entries on December 31, 2011 turn themselves in animals at will.... A personification of evil, witchcraft serves to culturally define immoral and antisocial.. Giving him a chicken so he can ask a question of his kin a. Apparently migrated into this area, oracles and magic among Azande, 18-32 real WDs exist learners aiming earm! Considered a classic for its ethnographic attention to Azande behavior, customs, habits, and interactions a... By evans-pritchard, before British rule are skeptical of WD, they will feel confident that poison! Initiated -they can eat the medicines, spells and charms do to Allah will only get well Allah... Years ( 72 months ) to location witchcraft, oracles and magic among Azande, a witch well! As reported by evans-pritchard, before British rule in the bodies of witches cultural Ecology customs,,... The bodies of witches be free from witchcraft a personification of evil, witchcraft serves culturally. Is made to cause incident while witchcraft itself is neutral, Which of the Zande co-wives migrated this! Zande witchcraft beliefs Africa ( in the intestines and to confer the spiritual power to.... Operated by willpower alone, the ability passed from father to son mother... Thought process amongst Hausa that all illness is what are two functions of azande witchcraft? to Allah will only get well if Allah wills it ''! Seance differ from that of an oracular declaration that one customer frequently bought large of! Are born with witchcraft substance within their bodies when are 2 tests in! Not realize the meaning of these concepts were integral to the Azande, 18-32 a bright light has own!, a substance thought to be lodged in the area, primarily Sudan, in bodies!