He was crowned King Edward VI at the age of ten, but he was too young to take the throne. In spite of tense relations with Parliament and the threat of involvement in wars abroad, James supported the Renaissance that had been initiated by Elizabeth. In 1492 Queen Isabella, the monarch of Spain, commissioned Columbus to prove he could find the western route. Columbus was of course mistaken: he had landed somewhere in the Bahamas, in the Caribbean Sea. The Carolingian Dynasty (751-887) was a family of Frankish nobles who ruled Francia and its successor kingdoms in Western and Central Europe during the Early Middle Ages. This policy continued for more than twenty years. Most chose to renounce their vows. During the reign of Francis I, French explorers became part of the age of European exploration, one of the great achievements not only of the Renaissance period but also in Western history. Mary was a Catholic who had been driven from Scotland by Protestants. After. . France during the eleventh and early twelfth centuries. Each house used the image of a rose to represent itselfa red rose for Lancaster and a white rose for York. In 1511 he joined Spain, the Papal States, and Venice in the Holy League, an alliance directed against France to prevent the French from acquiring territory in Italy. Here, you can find the complete list of all questions used for the Preliminary, Midterm, and Final Exams. In 1585 she openly supported the Dutch rebels. The great abbeys (churches connected with monasteries) were suppressed one by one in the next few years. Indeed, it seemed to many Europeans that "God had turned into a Spaniard" by 1584. Specifically, the issue was whether the king had the right to appoint bishops (heads of church districts) without the pope's approval. After Henry's death in 1460, the expeditions continued, but the African expeditions were yielding few riches other than slave cargoes. Some influential members of the house of York, such as Richard Neville (14281471), the earl of Salisbury, sided with the Lancasters. For the next four years, however, the Lutheran movement gained momentum, especially in Germany and the Netherlands. Eventually, the Dutch East India Company took over every Portuguese-controlled point between the Malabar Coast and the Chinese city of Macao. He was the first of the Bourbon line of rulers. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rise-monarchies-france-england-and-spain, "The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain But in this second war, which began in 1527, Charles was destined to win an even greater victory. This is where the country of France is today and the name for France comes from the Franks. The Spanish drove the French out of Italy in 1495. The group Young Italy advocated for. The English Parliament convened to try to come to Frederick's rescue in 1621 but without success because James dissolved the meeting. Henry declined to join the French effort. Francis begged to be taken from Naples to Spain, and he was placed under house arrest in Madrid for over a year. The Spanish controlled the western route to the Indies around the southern tip of the Americas, and the Portuguese controlled the way east, around Africa. Henry was having a secret affair with Boleyn, and he hoped she might bear him a son. In a.d. 711 twelve thousand Moors, led by Triq ibn Ziyd (died c. 720), crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and invaded Spain. Q: Which of the following is a phase of the Mightiest Governor event? The Jews were expelled and went mainly to North Africa. Medina-Sidonia was an army commander, so he protested that he was unqualified to lead a naval fleet. Yet Elizabeth is best remembered for her accomplishments, such as strengthening the Anglican Church and keeping government finances stable. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. In the Theses Luther listed his grievances with Roman Catholicism, such as his opposition to the practice of selling indulgences (forgiveness of sins). Although it was a long and difficult journey across the entire Asian According to the map, Italy in the early 19th century was. Children, slaves, and "good Christians" (those people who had sincerely converted to Christianity) numbering in the tens of thousands were allowed to remain in the country. 3. They had closely studied the advanced civilizations of past times and their own era. Another concern was that the noblemen of Castile supported Philip because they hoped he would rule in their favor. In September 1519 the Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan (c. 14801521), sponsored by King Charles I (Holy Roman Emperor Charles V) of Spain, set out from Seville, Spain, with five ships bound for the coast of South America. Francis's reign had an impressive beginning. Its significance goes far beyond its role in a few centuries in the European Middle Ages, however. Trait 2: ++10% Wood Gathering Speed. Under the last of the Valois kings, Charles IX (15501574; ruled 156074) and Henry III (15511589; ruled 157489), a series of fierce religious civil wars devastated France. Their efforts to find a sea route to Asia (then called the Indies) resulted in the European age of exploration, one of the great achievements of the Renaissance period. It was moderate in tonethat is, it did not reflect drastic changes from the Roman Catholic worship servicesbut a revision issued in 1552 was radically different. Hopes of cooperation and compromise were dashed, however, when the Puritans demanded that the church get rid of bishops (heads of church districts), whom they regarded as popish obstacles to true reform. The French king was not confined like most prisoners: He hunted regularly, enjoyed the companionship of his nobleman comrades, and attended numerous dinners given in his honor. The election day became the starting date permanently with Sigismund. The great soldier Bertrand du Guesclin (pronounced gay-klahn; c. 13201380) succeeded in driving the English from all French territory except Calais and the Bordeaux region. However, Henry's sons, Richard and John, were unable to hold these far-flung territories against the vigorous assaults of Louis VII's son Philip Augustus (11651223; ruled 11801223). He often broke treaties, and on occasion he even allied with Muslims and Protestants to oppose Catholic Spain. During the Lancastrian War, the English allied with Philip III (called Philip the Good; 13961467, ruled 141967), the duke of Burgundy, to conquer most of northern and western France. Former monastic possessions were managed by a new financial bureau, the Court of Augmentations. For balanced civilizations, the Rome, Japan, China and Spain civilizations make the best option. He theorized that one did not need to sail east for a year to reach the Indies. Frederick was married to James's daughter Elizabeth. Previously, Henry had opposed Luther and was rewarded by the pope with the title "Defender of the Faith." Peerless Scholar in Rise of Kingdoms where you will answer questions receive rewards if you answer correctly. Royal Family of Norway. James again tried to remain free of the war by arranging an alliance with a Catholic country. The Franks began as a number of Germanic tribes that migrated from northern Europe into Gaul. During the first half of the sixteenth century, Europeand indeed the worldwas dominated by France, Spain, and England. For travelling duos (or trios, you saucy minx) there are plenty of cheap rooms in Sri Lanka too. In order to reduce the influence of noblemen who had opposed their marriage, the monarchs placed municipal (city) and local governments under royal control. His men won a few They also founded Portugal's overseas provinces in western and eastern Africa, India, Southeast Asia, and Brazil and poured the vast riches of the empire into the homeland. For a time Jews' property was seized, but they did not receive any further punishment. He firmly established the strength of the monarchy by enforcing his royal powers. In 1643 the king dismissed him and appointed his nephew Lus de Haro as the new chief minister. Called Protector, Somerset virtually ruled England for several years, but he found it difficult to deal with several rebellions that broke out in 1549. The Spanish had rights to all lands west of the longitudinal Line of Demarcation, while Portugal could claim everything to the east. Also in search of the Northwest Passage was French navigator Jacques Cartier (14911557). Finally, he became so obsessed by his rivalry with Holy Roman Emperor Charles V that he lost all sense of proportion, spending heavily on unsuccessful wars against Spain. Originally, the Hudson Bay, the Hudson River, and the river valley were settled by the Dutch, who controlled entrance to the river at the fortress town of New Amsterdam, on what is now Manhattan Island. They were usually connected with the Gym nasia, or schools for wrestling, and other exercises , and consisted of different apartments, generally separated from each other, and intermixed with other places of BAT 39 exercise ; so that it is probable they were adapted to the nature of the school of exercise to which they were joined. In 1512, when France went to war with Spain, the king gave the eighteen-year-old Francis command of an army. Spain had often attracted the attention of people from North Africa as a promising new land. The Latin grammar written for Saint Paul's by William Lily was the first text of classical Latin (the language used by ancient Romans). Francia was never a country except to those living far enough outside it they never had to visit, the Arabs and Romans in particular (which is why 'Frank' still denotes all Westerners in Greek and Arabic, but not in German or French). During the next two hundred years, nearly every remaining land mass in the world, with the exception of Antarctica, was explored and mapped by explorers from these countries. In expedition after expedition, Portuguese ships inched their way down the African coast. 1,200-year-old bones found in Aachen Cathedral in Germany believed to belong to Charlemagne, King of the Franks. Philip died in 1598, four months after making peace with France in the Treaty of Vervins. Mary then had Elizabeth arrested and sent to the Tower of London (a prison for members of royalty and the nobility), and later to Woodstock. The treaty required France's King Charles VI (13681422; ruled 13801422), an Orlanist, to give his daughter, Catherine of Valois (14011437), in marriage to Henry. In an effort to prevent this outcome, Ferdinand brought Charles's younger brother, Ferdinand, from Flanders to Spain. The Hundred Years' War was the outcome of disputes between the ruling families of England and France, the Plantagenets (pronounced plan-TAJ-eh-nets) in England and the Capetians (pronounced keh-PEE-shehns) in France. He made similar alliances with Portugal. Following Mary' death, Philip II had suggested that he marry Eliza beth. Henry was not pleased with Cromwell's involvement in this episode and other court matters, so he had Cromwell executed later in the year. One by one the Spanish ships broke their cables and headed for open water. By 1615, the Dutch possessed the Spice Islands and were forced to face the threat of the British East India Company. Many who refused to reject Protestant beliefs continued to worship in underground churches or fled to countries on the European continent. Jewish leaders such as Abraham Especially strong kings were Louis VI (called the Fat; 10811137; ruled 110837) and his son Louis VII (c. 11201180; ruled 113780). Publisher's summary: Confraternities were the most common form of organized religious life in medieval and early modern Europe. Richard was killed in the battle and Henry took the throne as King Henry VII (ruled 14851509). Ferdinand and Isabella also took over a municipal league known as the Santa Hermandad (Holy Brotherhood), which had provided mutual assistance and protection to its members for several centuries. Intellectually the Arabs had much to offer since they brought a culture that had combined the influences of Greece and Rome with those of Persia and India. Francis was also forced to make peace by 1529. She founded two colleges at Cambridge University as well as professorships at both Cambridge and Oxford Universities. Adrian sent a royal army to put down the revolt. In 1560 the Spanish attempted unsuccessfully to take Tripoli, a port city in northwest Lebanon, from the Turks. Louis's son, King Charles VIII (14701498; ruled 148398) then married Anne of Brittany (14771514) and merged Brittany, the last remaining Although England was smaller than France, it was able to gather a large army. (February 22, 2023). Assassinated in 1610 by a Catholic fanatic, Henry was followed by his young nine-year-old son Louis XIII (16011643; ruled 161043). Finally, in 1543, Pope Paul III (14681549; reigned 153449) convened the long-awaited Council of Trent, a meeting to discuss reforming the Roman Catholic Church from within (see "Council of Trent" in Chapter 7). He marched his army through Mexico in 1519 to the Aztec capital of Tenochtitln (modern-day Mexico City). In 1487, when he was named grand inquisitor (supreme head of the court), he set out to rid Spain of "converts" who did not actually practice Christianity. The region that later became known as Normandy was turned over to the Northmen in 911 by Charles III (879929; ruled 893923). In one year alone, Francis had spent 5.5 million livres (the French unit of currency at that time) on the war. Royal Family of Denmark. It is estimated that between 1348 and 1400 the population of France dropped from sixteen million to eleven million. During the two years his mother, Anne of Austria (16011666), served as regent, France's policy was largely guided by her adviser, Cardinal Jules Mazarin (16021661). quest for new territories and markets in the East (see "The age of European exploration" section later in this chapter). Hawkins opened up English trade with the islands in the Caribbean Sea in the New World, and Drake circumnavigated (sailed around) the globe between 1577 and 1580. Charlemagne's Rise to Power. Henry therefore seemed to personify many attributes of the Renaissance. The French would meanwhile send a fleet to take Genoa and Naples. In the sixteenth century, during the reign of King Charles I (Holy Roman Emperor Charles V), the Spanish empire spread east from Spain to include the kingdoms of Germany, Hungary, Bohemia, Naples, and Sicily. In 613, the Franks were again united by Chlotar II, son of Chilperic, but the effects of the decades of divisions were still felt, undermining the stability of the kingdom and resulting in the escalation of internal struggles. Henry and Margaret fled to Scotland, where she continued her opposition to the house of York. Forced to fight for what he considered to be his hereditary rights (his mother was the princess of Portugal), he had sent Alba into Portugal with twenty-two thousand troops. On April 9, 1609, King Philip III signed a decree of expulsion. In 1554 he formed an alliance between Spain and England by arranging for his son Philip II (15271598; ruled 155698) to marry the Catholic English queen, Mary I (see "England" section previously in this chapter). The English were given an increased sense of national pride by the Treaty of Troyes (1420). Claiming the French crown, he sent troops to aid the Spanish in 1512 and was determined to invade France. Charles saw this as a chance to occupy Naples, so he marched his army into Italy. A middle class, consisting of merchants and bankers, was taking power away from noblemen. These two buildings introduced to England the classical style of such Italian Renaissance architects as Andrea Palladio (15081580). His son Sebastian later conducted sea expeditions for both England and Spain. On the very day of Cromwell's death Henry married Catherine Howard (c. 15201542). The first successful English colony, founded in Virginia in 1607, was named in the king's honor: Jamestown. Spanish forces led personally by Charles took La Goletta (now Halq al-Wadi), a seaport town in northeast Tunisia. The two great civilizations of the New World, the Aztecs and the Incas, were conquered by these explorers, who killed the native leaders and placed themselves in the existing top social class. Forces led personally by Charles took La Goletta ( now Halq al-Wadi ), a port city Northwest! 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