76, Part 4, Prominent Factors in Japanese Military Psychology.. The landings were undertaken simultaneously with the amphibious invasion of Aitape ("Operation Persecution") to the east. The students were mostly second-generation Japanese-Americans (Nisei) from the West Coast. As a result, code breaking was the main source of intelligence. During the early days of the war the Japanese forces were advancing. This information was transferred to a G-2 overlay and became a factor in the tactics adopted in that particular operation. [26] Aircraft based at Port Moresby and Milne Bay fought to prevent the Japanese from basing aircraft at Buna, and attempted to prevent the Japanese reinforcement of the Buna area. As a result, a system of thorough Screening, i.e., the rapid examination of documents and the extraction (partial translations) therefrom of the more important material only, was given added prominence. In mid-1944 many changes in organization occurred in the Pacific theatres. In February 1943, the first contingent of twenty graduates from the Navys Japanese Language School at Boulder, Colorado arrived at ICPOA and began interrogating prisoners of war and translating captured documents. Edwards also spoke with Graves Registration units about the importance of acquiring from the bodies of enemy soldiers everything with Japanese writing. Lieut. [41] Through the afternoon of 1 March, the overcast weather held at which point everything began to go wrong for the Japanese. They were special works, compiled for general reference purposes. Due to USAAF doctrine and a lack of long-range escorts, long-range bomber raids on targets like Rabaul went in unescorted and suffered heavy losses, prompting severe criticism of Lieutenant General George Brett by war correspondents for misusing his forces. This contest produced a number of valuable documents and propaganda leaflets. the strategic base on New Britain (now part of Papua New Guinea), on January 23, 1942. 76) and Japanese efforts to fight Plague and Cholera (No. At Anguar Island in the Western Carolinas in early September 1944, agents from the 81st CIC Detachment, with the 81st Infantry Division, captured a large volume of records, including blueprints, books, miscellaneous documents, files, 40 pounds of mail, and Japanese currency and coins. Second, the Allies had become convinced that the Japanese were preparing a major seaborne reinforcement and so had stepped up their air searches. [7][8] Over the next year, the Japanese built up the area into a major air and naval base. Simultaneous operations from these two locations, one amphibious and one overland, would converge on the target city. He told soldiers that ATIS personnel had told him that they had seen Japanese documents held as souvenirs of earlier battles in New Guinea, which contained information of tactical value which if had been turned in at the time, would have saved lives and shortened battles. [9] Few combat units were stationed at Hollandia in early 1944. German New Guinea Stamps, Dutch Dutch & Colonies Cover Stamps, Dutch Stamps, First, they had woefully underestimated the strength of the Allied air forces. Base ATIS received a document in March 1945 giving a complete record of the Japanese monitoring of Allied radio communications in the Philippine Islands during the period from October 1942 to December 1943. When the Japanese invaded New Guinea in early 1942, they began a struggle for control of the island which would last until the end of the Second World War. Some claim that 97% of Japanese deaths were from non-combat causes. This resulted in considerable fatigue for the air crews. He had planned to move first to Hansa Bay, but with airfields operational in the Admiralty Islands, the Hansa Bay assault was deemed unnecessary. They arrived off Hollandia during the night of 21/22 April and about 20 miles (32km) offshore, the convoy split again with the Central Attack Group preceding for Humboldt Bay while the Western Attack Group turned towards Tanahmerah Bay. SEATIC and SINTIC operating in Southeast Asia and China received and translated relatively large quantities of captured documents during the war. Over 170 were published, including many extracts from diaries and notebooks. Pre-landing reconnaissance efforts were hampered by the destruction of the Australian scouting party that was landed in the area by submarine in late March, and the reality of the terrain was only discovered through aerial intelligence that arrived too late. Ultimately, a major air and staging base was developed in the Hollandia area and most of the higher headquarters in the Southwest Pacific area established their command posts there during the summer of 1944. Instances were noted of officers completely out of their depth, of men eating meals when they should have been on the firing line, even of cowardice. ATIS also published a how-to handbook on conservation treatment of captured records and produced a Document Restoration Kit for units in the field. 117, Infringement of the Laws of War and Ethics by the Japanese Medical Corps, contains information on violations of the Geneva Convention on the rules of warfare and points out how, time and again, medical personnel put to death their own patients. The Japanese invasion of the Dutch East Indies began on 10 January 1942, and the Imperial Japanese Army overran the entire colony in less than three months. After four days under these conditions the two units had reached the western airfield and on 26 April it was secured. The publication was intended as a manual for the training and indoctrination of intelligence personnel and as a reference book for the exploitation of intelligence documents. Primary Image: The US pursued a two-pronged offensive across the central and southwest Pacific to . Possibly the most important translations published by the 6th Army ATIS Advanced Echelon in February 1945, were files of orders of the Japanese 58th Independent Mixed Brigade. A Japanese carrier pigeon landed on a US transport on the way to Kwajalen Atoll in the Marianas. Intelligence gained from breaking the codes protecting Imperial Japanese Army radio messages led the Allies to learn that the Hollandia area was only lightly defended, with Japanese forces being concentrated in the Madang-Wewak region. Singapore, the Dutch East Indies and New Guinea had already fallen, and all of Australia's security hopes premised upon Britain's Fortress Singapore ideology had collapsed. Classes began November 1, 1941, with four instructors and 60 students in an abandoned airplane hangar at Crissy Field. By 1944 there were over 200 translators serving with JICPOA. It is important to note that all ATIS units maintained close relations with the CIC units and Australian Army Field Security Service, since these units were largely responsible for the collection and dispatch of captured documents in forward areas to the language personnel stationed with tactical units. This success was attributable to Milne Bay's Australian and US defenders together with the crews of the (mostly Dutch) merchantmen that had delivered vital supplies and reinforcements to the garrison. U.S. Military forces began capturing records almost as soon as the war began and started exploiting them immediately. To ease the congestion on White 1, 11 LSTs were landed off White 2, while engineers from the 2nd Engineer Special Brigade worked to clear the beach, shifting stores and equipment into Jautefa Bay. In March 1944, plans were developed for ATIS to be located in closer proximity to combat operations. They included: No. 37, No. His contemplated offensive against Wau died a-borning. At the Kempei Tai (Japanese Military Police) headquarters they found numerous lists of names and evidence of collaboration and disloyalty to the Philippines and the United States. Two months after JICPOA was formed US forces invaded the Gilbert Islands. Over 120 of these Research Reports were published. Consequently, Japanese efforts to develop the area were delayed throughout 1943 and 1944. [4] Within six months, the school had shipped its first 35 graduates to the field, just in time for Guadalcanal and the Buna-Gona campaign. Through this, a complete picture of the organization, strength and disposition of this force was gleaned. The U.S. 24th Division's 19th and 21st Regimental Combat Teams (RCTs) were to land at Tanahmerah Bay. Their operation plan decreed a five-pronged attack: one task force to establish a seaplane base at Tulagi in the lower Solomons, one to establish a seaplane base in the Louisiade Archipelago off the eastern tip of New Guinea, one of transports to land troops near Port Moresby, one with a light carrier to cover the landing, and one with two fleet carriers to sink the Allied forces sent in response. The Eastern Fleet's British and American aircraft carriers raided Sabang on 19 April. In early 1945, in the vicinity of Bhamo in northern Burma, CIC CIT No. [15] The only Allied response was a bombing raid of Lae and Salamaua by aircraft flying over the Owen Stanley Range from the carriers USSLexington and USSYorktown, leading the Japanese to reinforce these sites. [18]. [citation needed], Three factors conspired to create disaster for the Japanese. According to Morison, "the Japanese retreat down the Kokoda Trail had turned into a rout. The attack force comprised 84,000 personnel, including 52,000 combat troops, 23,000 support personnel, and a naval task force of 200 vessels of 7th Fleets Task Force 77 under Rear Admiral Daniel Barbey. Cushing, realizing the possible significance of the documents, notified his superiors who in turn notified the Allied Intelligence Bureau in Brisbane. [1][2], Hollandia was situated on the east side of a headland separating Humboldt Bay to the east and Tanahmerah Bay, 25 miles (40km) to the west. Landings were made at two points in the Hollandia area on April 22, 1944, with the U.S. 24th Infantry Division moving ashore at Tanahmerah Bay and the 41st Infantry Division pushing inland at Humboldt Bay, 25 miles (40 km) to the east. Red 1 was found to be better, allowing LVTs and LCMs to come ashore with their infantry charges, but the approaches had to be cleared by engineers to allow the passage of the larger LCMs and even after this had been completed. [7] The volume would have been more but members of the 414th CIC unit learned that Chinese soldiers through ignorance destroyed many documents. The Netherlands, Britain and the United States tried to defend the colony from the Japanese forces as they moved south in late 1941 in search of Dutch oil. Japanese makeshift bridges were attacked by P-40s with 500lb (230kg) bombs. I Corps, became commander of the newly formed U.S. 8th Army. This material was translated by ATIS in May 1945 and provided Allied naval commanders with immediate intelligence regarding a variety of topics. The National Archives at College Park as well as other United States and foreign archival institutions hold copies of these publications. They were discontinued with the dissolution of the Philippine Island Research Section of ATIS on October 9, 1944. At the same time, two sketches were captured at Tacloban, Leyte, which showed the disposition of the Japanese 16th Division. They included plans, charts, air defense details on all Japanese-held Pacific islands, and battle orders. It was a grisly task, but a military necessity since Japanese soldiers do not surrender and within swimming distance of shore, they could not be allowed to land and join the Lae garrison. When the Allied forces began to advance, more documents were captured and a much higher proportion was official. The Japanese at Rabaul and other bases on New Britain would have easily overwhelmed any such effort (by mid-September, MacArthur's entire naval force under Vice Admiral Arthur S. Carpender consisted of 5 cruisers, 8 destroyers, 20 submarines, and 7 small craft). Aerial resupply brought some relief, and on 30 April a group of 12 LCTs, towed by several LSTs, arrived at Humboldt Bay. [63][64], Meanwhile, the Allies quickly made the Sentani airfields operational and were able to mount bombing raids on Japanese positions as far west as Biak, making them useless for air operations. They subsequently neutralized the Japanese positions, as well as interdicted a portion of the Japanese movements, and anticipated Japanese defensive position and strengths. Thousands perished from starvation and disease; the commanding general, Horii, was drowned. The Americans landed at Hollandia and Aitape simultaneously on 22 April with the aim of bypassing the Japanese stronghold at Wewak and thus leaving the Japanese 18th Army isolated and cut off there. Having been organized along lines completely unorthodox, these were invaluable documents to the G-2 Section, especially as this Force was a major enemy unit on the left flank near La Union, Luzon, at that time. The weather changed direction and Kimura's slow-moving task force was spotted by an Allied scout plane. For his action during the Biak operation, Jack Y. Cannon, the commanding officer of the 41st CIC Detachment received the Silver Star. Documents recovered from the bodies of dead Japanese, members of a Special Suicide Penetration Unit, killed near San Fabian, Luzon, on January 19, 1945, gave full accounts of the units and personnel involved. The Japanese entered Lae and Salamaua, two locations on Huon Gulf, on 8 March 1942 unopposed. In response, on 8 March General Douglas MacArthur sought approval from the Joint Chiefs of Staff to bring forward the previously planned landings at Hollandia to 15 April. They were prepared and distributed as a result of a specific need, and represented a form of publication for matters outside the usual range of translations and reports. At 177 planes, this was the largest Japanese air attack since Pearl Harbor. Often, they consisted of combined translations of several documents relating to the same subject, such as (No. [17] It proved difficult to accurately estimate the size and composition of the Japanese defenses, as attempts to infiltrate reconnaissance parties in the area failed. [16] Only about 500 of the 11,000 personnel were ground combat troops, being drawn from several antiaircraft batteries. After the occupation of Hollandia and Aitape the Allies were in a strong position, but they did not stop there. [51] Eight waves landed at White 1 after two LCIs fired rockets at the high ground overlooking the beach where several Japanese antiaircraft guns were located. It was a new kind of combined operations warfare in which the Allies consistently outclassed their Japanese opponents. CIC personnel were constantly engaged in providing lectures to soldiers about the importance of captured Japanese documents. The Dutch surrendered on 8 March. By the end of the war, ATIS had processed over 350,000 documents (or 1,680 cubic feet of records).[17]. They were numerical inventories under 17 principal categories of documents considered to be of probable or general value. The Japanese 18th Army (equivalent to an Anglo-American corps), under Lieutenant General Hataz Adachi, was responsible for Japanese operations on mainland New Guinea. During the early stages of the planning process MacArthur's headquarters believed that two Japanese infantry regiments may have been in the Hollandia area, but this was later discounted. ", Samuel Eliot Morison, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier, p. 38. When very few documents were captured and relatively little was known about the enemy forces in the SWPA, it was imperative to translate all documents in full. [5] During the Guadalcanal campaign a large quantity of documents were captured, including ones retrieved from the Japanese submarine I-1, just offshore.[6]. In November 1944 the 6th Australian Division relieved the last U.S. Army units in the Aitape area and launched a drive down the coast toward Wewak, finally taking it on May 10, 1945. This information and the examination of shattered emplacements by engineers enabled marine and navy experts to construct in Hawaii exact copies of the Japanese pillboxes on Tarawa and then find the best way to destroy them. ATIS was established on September 19, 1942, and was headquartered in a suburb of Brisbane, Australia. Publication No. Report No. A fire caused by Allied bombing continued to burn in the Japanese supply dump for several days and later attracted the attention of a Japanese bomber, which attacked the beach area late on 23 April, resulting in more fires and killing 24 and wounding 100 more. American military leaders knew that while the number of prisoners (and thus information) taken in the Pacific would be relatively small, compared to the war in Europe, Japanese records would become all that more important as an intelligence source. [5], According to John Laffin, the campaign "was arguably the most arduous fought by any Allied troops during World War II". The forces of the Southwest Pacific Area were ready to move on to the Philippines. Air and naval support consisted largely of U.S. assets, although Australia also provided air support during preliminary operations and a naval bombardment force. The Allied Air Forces acted promptly on this information and sank both Japanese submarines and supply barges. Barbey's VII 'Phib carried out two almost simultaneous undertakings. West Papua: Forgotten War, Unwanted People. Similar JICPOA teams participated in succeeding amphibious assaults to examine prisoners and documents for intelligence of immediate tactical value. A map, also captured on March 21st, and quickly translated, proved to be more accurate than maps possessed by the attacking forces. [22] The cost to the Allied fighters was high. In early June, US Army engineers, Australian infantry and an anti-aircraft battery were landed near the Lever Brothers coconut plantation at Gili Gili, and work was begun on an airfield. On September 6, 1943, ICPOA was designated a joint Army-Navy-Marine organization by a CINCPAC directive and was given the name Joint Intelligence Center, Pacific Ocean Areas (JICPOA). [7], MacArthur met with the commander of the Pacific Fleet, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, at Brisbane between 25 and 27 March to discuss the role of the Navy in the operation. MacArthur, with a firm foothold in New Guinea, was determined to move next to the Philippines, from which he had been driven after Pearl Harbor, and from there launch the final attack on the Japanese home islands. 99-108 (Japanese Place Names-Philippines). [16] That summer a Document Restoration Sub-Section, staffed by six WACs (Womens Army Corps), including one officer, was established. [39] This operation had no effect on the Japanese, as the air units were being held in reserve for a planned major attack on American naval forces in the Central Pacific. Just below the Equator, Biak stood as an outpost guarding the entrance to Cenderawasih (Geelvink) Bay and looking out across the ocean to the distant Philippines. Pre-War New Guinea The Japanese Invasion The Turning Point The Long Allied Advance 1943 1944 The New Guinea campaign (January 1942-September 1945) was one of the longest campaigns of the Second World War. The Aussies were fighting mad, for they had found some of their captured fellows tied to trees and bayoneted to death, surmounted by the placard, 'It took them a long time to die'. For example, in the fall of 1944, Task Force Galahad, commanded by Brig. Among this cache were code books and a list of Japanese and German agents in the United States. The gunners got a lot of practice; Port Moresby suffered its 78th raid on 17 August 1942. Interrogation of a prisoner confirmed the fact that supplies were being unloaded at Lae from enemy submarines. 6, The Exploitation of Japanese Documents, dated December 14, 1944. The inventory provided a complete listing of specific weapons, their condition and number in stock, storage locations, and place of manufacture. Between the mountain ridge and the lake was a narrow plain where the Japanese had built a number of airfields; three had been constructed by April 1944 and a fourth was under construction. During the initial phase in early 1942, the Empire of Japan invaded the Australian -administered Mandated Territory of New Guinea (23 January) and the Australian Territory of Papua (21 July) and overran western New Guinea (beginning 29/30 March), which was a part of the Netherlands East Indies. [4] See The Beginnings of the United States Armys Japanese Language Training: From the Presidio of San Francisco to Camp Savage, Minnesota 1941-1942,. 84 dealt with The Japanese and Bacterial Warfare. Hollandia was a port on the north coast of New Guinea, part of the Dutch East Indies, and was the only anchorage between Wewak to the east, and Geelvink Bay to the west. ", John Vader, New Guinea: The Tide Is Stemmed, p. 93, The Australian 7th Division under the command of Major General George Alan Vasey, along with the revitalized US 32nd Division, restarted the Allied offensive. It contained details of the proposed landing of Tama Group (full strength of one division) at Ormoc, Leyte, on November 1st. These were supported by a force of eight escort carriers of the 5th Fleet. 141, for example, contained random poems of a Prisoner of War. [14] MacArthur would have liked to deny this area to the Japanese, but he had neither sufficient air nor naval forces to undertake a counterlanding. [citation needed]. [39] It is indicative of the extent to which Japanese ambitions had fallen at this point in the war that a 50% loss of ground troops aboard ship was considered acceptable. [54] There was little resistance initially, but further inland there was some opposition as elements of the 186th Infantry reached the lake by 24 April. 255) Procedure in interrogating and handling [Allied] prisoners of war. Over 420 of these were published. The Battle of Coral Sea and the Battle of Midway in 1942 represented crucial losses for the Japanese and marked a turning point in the war. During the so-called atoll campaign in the Pacific, US Navy, Marine Corps, and Army personnel captured many valuable documents on various islands. The air defences consisted of P-39 and P-40 fighters. For this purpose, liaison was established and during July and August ATIS furnished the Board with approximately 1,200 pages of translations. [12] General Headquarters South West Pacific Area Operational Instruction No.7 of 25 May 1942, issued by Commander-Allied-Forces, General Douglas MacArthur, placed all Australian and US Army, Air Force and Navy Forces in the Port Moresby Area under the control of New Guinea Force. This information was put to immediate tactical use and resulted in the capture of the position by the US 7th Cavalry Squadron. [21] Japanese bombers were often escorted by fighters which came in at 30,000ft (9,100m)too high to be intercepted by the P-39s and P-40sgiving the Japanese an altitude advantage in air combat. Others included information about the Psychology in the Japanese Armed Forces (No. 17 with Allied and Japanese Operations Among Natives of Dutch New Guinea; No. MacArthur's plan was bold, as it involved making a large amphibious landing deep behind the front lines in New Guinea. The plane in which Koga was flying crashed at sea, with no survivors. [4][32] The shortage of shipping meant that each ship had to be loaded as efficiently as possible, using a technique known as combat loading to ensure that the most important stores and equipment could be unloaded quickly. These provided the first clues to breaking the Japanese Navys operational codes. By 1944 the school had outgrown these facilities and moved to nearby Fort Snelling. [60] A total of 7,200 Japanese troops assembled at Genjem and then attempted to withdraw overland to Sarmi; only around 1,000 reached their destination. I and II were published on March 19, 1945 and June 23, 1945, respectively. It was occupied by the invading Japanese during the invasion of the Dutch East Indies in 1942 and became a base for their expansion to the east towards the Australian mandated territories of Papua New Guinea. This was usually done in the form of listings (usually termed bulletins) that provided a brief description of the records and various types of publications containing full or partial translations of specific documents and publications containing full or partial translations of documents relating to a general or specific topic. January 23, 1942 - August 1945. author Paul Bocu, 2019. [30], The D'Entrecasteaux Islands lie directly off the northeast coast of the lower portion of the Papuan peninsula. It was placed under the direction of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence (J-2), Joint Staff, CINCPAC, and CINCPOA (Commander in Chief, Pacific Ocean Areas). Urgent information was extracted before rushing the documents on to the Advanced Echelon where they were sorted, stamped, examined, and translated as necessary. The ATIS Information Section supplied information derived from interrogations; translations; and, situation reports, intelligence summaries, maps, photos, and other outside publications. [13], Due north of Port Moresby, on the northeast coast of Papua, are the Huon Gulf and the Huon Peninsula. [11] Adachi continued to plan to make a last stand at Hollandia if he was defeated at Hansa Bay. The sinking of over 25,000 tones of Japanese ships earned the unit the nickname . 87 (Japanese Mines and Minesweeping); and, Nos. Actual Allied losses amounted to one destroyer, one oiler, one corvette, two cargo ships and approximately 25 aircraft. When Germany and Italy declared war on the United States days later, America found itself in a global war. [53], Meanwhile, the infantry continued their advance inland. Allied troops set up 105mm howitzer in Depapre New Guinea 1944. In the early months of 1944, both at Bougainville and at Rabaul, large numbers of Japanese troops were effectively put out of action without being confronted in bloody combat. Rabaul overlooks Simpson Harbor, a considerable natural anchorage, and was ideal for the construction of airfields. The landing was supported by carrier-based aircraft of the U.S. 5th Fleet, which had also struck Japanese air installations at Wakde and Sarmi to the northwest. [12], As an attack on Hollandia was not expected, no plans were prepared to defend the area prior to the Allied landing. [8] ICPOAs first officer in charge was Cmdr. In addition, about 5,400 survivors of the Japanese defeat at Buna-Gona were moved into the Lae-Salamaua area. Meanwhile, on 30 March and continuing to 3 April these air forces attacked Hollandia itself and the airfields on the Sentani plain. In many instances these organizations were staffed with translators trained in military and naval language schools in the United States. 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